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SS Principessa Mafalda
The SS ''Principessa Mafalda'' was an Italian transatlantic ocean liner built for the Navigazione Generale Italiana (NGI) company. Named after Princess Mafalda of Savoy, second daughter of King Victor Emmanuel III, the ship entered NGI's South American service between Genoa and Buenos Aires in 1909. At the time of her completion she was the largest Italian passenger ship afloat.〔''Ships Monthly'', Volume 40 (London: Endlebury Publishing, 2005) p. 45.〕 The ''Mafalda'' was known for her luxury and was the preferred mode of travel for such celebrities of the day as Carlos Gardel.〔Hans Ulrich Gumbrecht: ''In 1926: Living on the Edge of Time.'' (online ) (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1997) ISBN 978-0674000551. p. 169.〕
On 25 October 1927, while off the coast of Brazil, a propeller shaft fractured and damaged the hull. The ship sank slowly in the presence of rescue vessels, but confusion and panic resulted in 314 fatalities out of the 1,252 passengers and crew on board the ship. With a casualty rate ten times that of the ''Andrea Doria'', the sinking is the greatest tragedy in Italian shipping〔Richard Goldstein: ''Desperate Hours: The Epic Rescue of the Andrea Doria.'' (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2001) ISBN 978-047138934-7 p. 180 (online ).〕 and the largest ever in the Southern Hemisphere in peacetime.〔Penelope Heckman: ''Over the Years.'' (Pittsburgh: Dorrance Publishing, ) ISBN 978-143491203-9 p. 9 (online ).〕 Due to the human error involved and high mortality among steerage passengers, the disaster has been called the "Italian ''Titanic''."〔Luciano Garibaldi, Giorgio Giorgerini, M. Enrica Magnani Bosio: ''Principessa Mafalda. Titanic italiano.'' (online abstract ) (Milan: De Agostini, 2010). ISBN 978-885111450-3. 〕 The nature of the vessel's sinking has also been compared to the modern Costa Concordia disaster.〔Samantha Grossman: ("Before Costa Concordia: Peacetime Sea Tragedies Through History" ), ''Time Magazine Online.'' 17 January 2012. Retrieved 10 August 2012.〕
==Early history==
''Principessa Mafalda'' was built at Cantiere Navale di Riva Trigoso with her sister, the . In 1907 the ''Jolanda'' sank during her launch in a dramatic spectacle.〔 This was due to mistakes in launch procedures and not flaws in vessel design. ''Mafalda'' was launched on 22 October 1908 without her superstructure installed in order to avoid the same accident.〔Raffaele Staiano: ("Un varo sfortunato" ). Retrieved 10 August 2012.〕 She was finally completed on 30 March 1909 and became the flagship of the NGI. In 1910 she played a part in the development of long distance radio communication when Guglielmo Marconi conducted experiments on board.〔Russell W. Burns: "Communications: An International History of the Formative Years." (London: Institution of Engineering Technology, 2004) ISBN 978-086341330-8. p 460.〕
Specifically designed for voyages between Genoa and Buenos Aires, ''Mafalda'' was considered the best ship on this route for several years. She had a luxurious two-story ballroom, spacious cabins in Louis XVI style and traveled at a relatively rapid 18 knots. On the eve of World War I, 22 August 1914, she made her one and only voyage between Genoa and New York City. During the war she was requisitioned by the Italian Royal Navy and housed officers at Taranto. She resumed her prewar South American service in 1918. She remained the NGI's flagship until 1922, when the assumed the role. By 1926 the ''Mafalda'' had made over 90 long but uneventful round trips and had a reputation for "faded luxury."〔
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